The Influence of Dantes Inferno Essay - 1380 Words

Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is an epic poem that begins with the Inferno. The Inferno is an extremely influential part of European literature. The structure of story is for many people a piece of the vision of Hell. Religiously, this poem has had great prevalence. Dante paints a picture of the Hell that is both unsettling and justifiable. A whole world is created through his poem. The levels and intensity of sin is pondered. Crime is put to a level of small to large scale. Those that are intentional and calculated are deemed more heinous than those that are out of passion. There are many reasons why this piece of literature make me think and develops my own ideas of what lies beyond this world. Dante’s Inferno causes†¦show more content†¦The idea of eternal punishment definitely helps to fuel my own religious intent. â€Å"†¦what sort of souls are these you see around you. Now you should know before we go farther on, they have not sinned. But their great worth alone was not enough, for they did not know Baptism,† (Dante 32-35) this quote from the Inferno is troublesome (Dante 32-35). This is from the First Circle of Hell, Limbo, which is not full of sinners. Yet, their souls are considered to be unclean because they were never baptized because of this they are never allowed to see Christ’s face. This is emotionally up heaving for those that do have religion. True Christians have great hope that they will see the face of God. My religion is tested through this because I know sin. Even this fictional depiction of Hell, which helps me to visualize what that place would be like, is mortifying. Will my sin take me to a level of Hell, where I will be tortured throughout eternity? The people of Limbo were simply placed there because they were never baptized. Those in Limbo suffer with their desire, but in life they did no true wrong. This idea that those that do not commit sin still do not see God’s face makes t he question of religion even more imperative. A person can do so little wrong, but from Dante’s perspective have no moral ground to be considered worthy of redemption. This vision of Hell is very captivating in terms of religious questioning. The model of Dante’s vision of hell isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Outside Influences on Dante’s Inferno 832 Words   |  4 PagesAnyone who has read Dante’s Inferno is familiar with a certain main character, Virgil. Who is this Virgil that Dante put in his book and where did Dante get the idea of having Virgil as his guide on Dante’s journey through the spirit world? In addition to Virgil, readers of Inferno are also familiar with concepts and characters such as God, angles, demons, Satan, and Hell. Where did Dante get these concepts? Dante did not come up with these ideas on his own, but used familiar characters and placesRead MoreThe Journey for Love Essay example601 Words   |  3 PagesThe Inferno, the dep ths of hell where all evil rests, is where Dante begins his journey. Dantes journey begins in a wilderness, and at this moment Dantes reasons for his journey become clear. Let us discuss the question as to why Dante goes on this journey through Hell. By doing so we will find the true meaning that Dante enters hell, which is so that he can find himself and most of all to return to his one true love of Beatrice. The first reason begins with Dante himself when he is in theRead MoreDante’s Inferno in Milton ´s Paradise Lost1326 Words   |  6 PagesMany arguments have been made that Dante’s Inferno glimmers through here and there in Milton’s Paradise Lost. While at first glance the two poems seem quite drastically different in their portrayal of Hell, but scholars have made arguments that influence from Dante shines through Milton’s work as well as arguments refuting these claims. All of these arguments have their own merit and while there are instances where a Dantean influence can be seen throughout Paradise Lost, Milton’s progression ofRead MoreComparative Essay Macbeth and Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri Inferno The poem Inferno is about a man who has â€Å"lost the path that does not stray† (Inferno, Canto I, line 3) where â€Å"the path† represents the path to Heaven. Dante, having strayed from the path, is in danger of being sent to Hell. When Beatrice, whom Dante loved before her early death, finds out that Dante has strayed she becomes worried that he will not be able to join her in Heaven. Beatrice wants to help Dante find God again, but because she is an angelRead MoreLewis And The Silent Planet1326 Words   |  6 PagesOlivia Seeney Dr. Michael Elam ENGL 475 10/4/16 C.S. Lewis and the Influence of Dante in Out of the Silent Planet All throughout Lewis novels there is evidence that clearly connects the themes and symbolism from other aspects of traditional Christian literature both during and before he began writing. One of the most distinct examples of this occurring within Lewis’ works is the influence that Dante had on the concepts that he reflects on while conveying thoughts to his readers. This is specificallyRead MoreThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 Pagesof heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer and Virgil has affected his writing style, and through reviews by literary experts and their interpretation of Alighieri’s unique use of motifs, The Divine Comedy can be broken down to a epic that expresses a global message of human life. I. To understand The Divine Comedy and its impact, an understanding of Dante Alighieri’s life of tragic love and civil war can assist in unraveling the truth on Dante’s philosophical epic. Alighieri’sRead MoreDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead More Analysis of Robert Frosts Fire and Ice Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesUpon closer examination of Fire and Ice, I found a distinct   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   parallel that closely mirrors the tale of Dantes Inferno. The Inferno is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the first part of Dante Alighieris poem, the Divine Comedy, which   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   chronicles Dantes journey to God, and is made up of The Inferno (Hell),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise).   In The Inferno, Dante   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   begins his journey on the surface of the Earth, guided by the Roman epic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   poet VirgilRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, Islam, and Dante ´s: What Are We? Essay817 Words   |  4 Pages Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Dante’s: What are we? The Inferno is the first part of Dante Alighieris epic three-part poem, The Divine Comedy. In this poem, Dante develops many themes throughout the adventures of his travelers from political to religious. The Inferno is a poem that Dante used to explain and show his ideas of Gods divine justice. Throughout this story religion comes up and shows the comparison of the different Hells and beliefs. This paper develops the connectionsRead MoreHell in Dantes Divine Comedy Essay example1364 Words   |  6 PagesHell in the divine Comedy and Aeneid In Dante’s Divine Comedy, Dante incorporates Virgil’s portrayal of Hades (In The Aeneid) into his poem, and similarities between the Inferno and Hades can be drawn, however Dante wasn’t attempting to duplicate Virgil’s works. Although the Hell depicted in Dante’s Inferno is essentially based on the literary construction of the underworld found in Virgil’s Aeneid, in their particulars the two kingdoms are quite different. Virgil’s underworld is largely

`` Animal Liberation `` By Richard Ryder - 1642 Words

To start with, The term Animal Rights did not emerge until the late 1970 s, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. In Particular, Richard Ryder, a British Psychologist, expressed his boldest ideas, but in order to get his word out around the world he needed assistance from one of the top Australian philosophers, Peter Singer. Singer published numerous of notable books such as Animal liberation which described in vivid detail, the grueling agony animals had to suffer. In fact, Pete Singer got his inspiration for his book Animal liberation from his view on utilitarianism, the belief that a morally good action is one that helps the greatest number of people and animals. Indeed, the phrase Animal Rights first surfaced in the 1970†¦show more content†¦Bentham disputed that infants and the disabled should be treated such as animals because infants and the disabled are weak and defenseless like most animals. In the third place, the 19th century had an outburst of people who w ere interested in animal protection. The 19th century produced multiple laws, groups, and acts such as the Martins act, an act which focused on the treatment of horses noted Author Debbie Legge and Editor Simon Brooman in their book Law Relating to Animals2 (p12), and instituted groups whose purpose was preventing cruelty to animals. The groups sent men to inspect markets, slaughter houses and livestock reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center 3, In fact, the most recognized organization for animals that was apart of the elite group that sent out inspectors was named the SPCA or more formally know as the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. To begin with, 100 million animals are experimented on and tortured every year according to PETA, an animal organization. In today s society, people are taught from a young age that some animals are ranked higher than other. To illustrate, the typical house mouse would be looked as being disgusting and gross while a dog would be seen as adorable and pleasant. animals are seen as if they do not have rights, today s society

Marketing Fundamentals PLX Devices

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Fundamentals for PLX Devices. Answer: Introduction The launch of Legion Solar System by PLX Devices The PLX Devices will be launched in the end of the October, probably on 24th October 2016. The time chosen for the launch of this new solar system device is appropriate since it coincide with the sunny days predicted by the Australian meteorology department. Before onset of winter and after the probably cloudy days the end of October would be best for the launch of new Legion Solar System by PLX Devices. The Three Prime Marketing Objectives After the launch of the product the next six months of the PLX Devices is aimed to achieve the following objectives: First Objective: Making extensive use of digital marketing: PLX would use the existing platforms for digital marketing for promoting its latest solar system. The emphasis would be given on the high efficiency of this new product as compared to the older ones. The official launch could be broadcasted in companys Twitter, Facebook and Instagram accounts. The company would make use of its Online Partnerships and Email Marketing approaches to create awareness about this new product. This objective is to complete this task by the end of December 2016. Second Objective: Establish relationships with the industry specialists and key suppliers: the PLX enjoys a good market name for its technical support devices. It is a market leader in automotive tech design, diagnostics and services. PLX device would thus use its market reputation to promote the new product, highlighting its salient features and point of differentiations (PLX Devices, 2015). The objective is to establish a strong buyer base, supplier chain and common awareness about the utility of the Legion Solar System by January 2017 end. Third Objective: Securing sale for the Legion Solar System: after successful awareness creation, promotion and relationship establishment, the PLX Devise aims to make sale of the new product in full swing. By the end of six months from the product launch, the company aims to make good sale of the new product at retailers as well as in the established companies using solar energy for their operations. It is expected that the sales (by volume) should increase by 10% on quarterly basis. Market Segmentation, Targeting Consumers and Envisioned Market Positioning PLX Devices use a highly customer oriented marketing strategy by initiating the segment identification for its new product. The defining of homogenous groups would help the company to better target its potential customers. By segmentation company can take care of specific needs of the customers and come up with suitable product variants, prices and offers accordingly (Blythe and Megicks, 2010). PLX Devices will focus on the following two segments of customers for its new Legion Solar System: Average middle-income group families, for whom saving on electricity bills are a crucial thing. Industries using solar system and could utilize the economies of scale by switching to Legion Solar Systems. Company can identify these segments and then effectively target them with the appropriate offers and schemes. For the middle-income group families, the important aspects are the cost of the solar system, ease of deploying, and the savings on the electricity bill. These factors could be emphasized by the marketing approaches adopted by the company. Advertisements in local newspapers, television channels and personalized meeting with the community halls with the local people can be of benefit for making the product popular among the targeted customers. Likewise, the high energy consuming industries such as manufacturing units could be targeted by the company with the plan to save their operational costs as well as to present them as a socially responsible entity using solar energy. The large companies could make use of highly effective Legion Solar panels and reduce the energy consumption costs and eventual increase in the company profits. The available solar panels and devices in the industry costs more than $ 20,000, which is highly unrealistic for middle-income group people. Thus the company can easily position its new affordable, flexible and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) starter kit with costs starting at only $599 ($499 Preorder) (Legion Solar Starter Kit, 2015). Product Pricing Strategy The industry of solar panels and solutions has range of products with the target of capitalizing from the high energy using companies like manufacturing units, etc. Therefore, solar panels and devices in the industry costs more than $ 20,000, which is highly unrealistic for middle income group people. The new Legion Solar System by PLX Devices is thus an affordable and flexible option. It comes as a Do-It-Youself (DIY) starter kit with the costs starting at only $599 ($499 Preorder). The Core Product the core product is the solar panel that comes in a small size and is easily deployable by following the manuals provided. The Actual Product - The starter kit comes with 2 (100 Watt) solar panels, 1 (160 Watt) inverter, inverter mounting screws, 1 t-harness, 1 plug-in harness, 8 z-brackets, mounting screws, nuts, and washers. The Augmented Product the starter kit is accompanied by a solar hub or mobile we based application for smartphone monitoring The pricing strategy for the product is based in giving the customers adequate savings on their present electricity bills. The price of the product is less than the industry average. The normal solar panel systems could cost above $4/W. this means that a 5 kW system would come to cost above $20,000. While the Legion Solar the cost is less than $3/W. The company also claims that the initial cost invested by the consumers can be recovered by them in less than three years of savings. Product Pricing Strategy The product placement is a strategic aspect of the entire marketing exercise. For the new Legion Solar System, the best possible market is the average middle-income group family. These are the people who look forward to savings in their utility bills; also the second potential market is the big industries where the energy consumption is huge. These companies can make use of solar panels to save operational cost. The company is based in San Jose, CA and the local areas around it is the first potential market placement arena. The promotion could be done by the PLX Devices by advertisements in local newspapers, television channels and personalized meeting with the community halls with the local people can be of benefit for making the product popular among the targeted customers. For the targeted industries the company can make use of upcoming trade fairs in the area and putting up an interesting stall in trade fairs is sure to attract the attention of companies seeking new advanced technical systems to save their operational costs and increase profits. The digital marketing and relationship marketing approaches could be used by the company to establish its new product (Hollensen, 2010). The company has its presence on the social media; the same can be used by it to promote the Legion Solar System. Action Program Since the official announcements of the Legion Solar System the PLX Devices is working tirelessly to ship its products as soon as possible. The company is all set to roll out the Legion Solar system in two stages: The first stage is the shipping of the panels, micro inverter, and rest of the required wiring. This would suffice for consumers to begin with their experiments with the solar energy and to start making their own electricity. The second stage comprise of the shipment of the Solar Hub and the Android/iPhone app. The purpose of this application is monitoring of the production of power output by the consumers (Legion Solar Starter Kit, 2015). Activity proposed Person Responsible October Preparation of promotional materials for the Legion Solar System. General Manager Sales Manager Persuading the project backers General Manager Updating of the project details on the company website and other digital media channels. Advertisement of the product. Office Manager Sales Manager Invitations to industry specialists, suppliers and key stakeholders for inviting them to the product launch. Office Manager Sales Manager Official launch of the Legion Solar System on 24th October 2016. All Staff Sales calls. Meeting with the local families and industries representatives Sales Manager November Start of the social media campaigns to target the identified customer segments. Sales Manager Office Manager Connecting with the customers online and providing information and support. Sales Manager Office Manager Connecting with the big industries, which can use the Legion Solar panels. General Manager Sales Manager December Develop relationships by calling and meeting with clients. Sales Manager Devising specific plans and schemes for the target customers. Special corporate offers for the bulk purchases could be strategized. General Manager January Follow-up of the leads of potential customers must be done effectively to convert them to maximum purchases. Sales Manager February Supply and after sales management must be emphasized to sustain growth in the sales. Product Manager, CRM Manager March Re-look at pricing strategy. Potential price increase for 2017. General Manager References Blythe, J. and Megicks, P. (2010) Marketing planning: Strategy, environment and context. Harlow, England: Financial Times / Prentice Hall. Hollensen, S. (2010) Marketing management: A relationship approach. 2nd edn. New York, NY: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Legion Solar Starter Kit (2015) Legion DIY solar. Available at: https://www.plxdevices.com/Legion-DIY-Plug-and-Play-Solar-p/897346002894.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2016). PLX Devices (2015) About us. Available at: https://www.plxdevices.com/aboutus.asp (Accessed: 30 September 2016).

Inventors free essay sample

Benjamin Franklin This portrait. Which depicts Franklin as a learned scientist and inventor. Was one of his favorites. Pictured on the left is the signal-bell apparatus Franklin devised to detect the presence of electrically-charged clouds. The bolt of lightning , seen through the open window, became an attribute closely identified with Franklin. At Franklins death French philosopher/scientist Jacques Target wrote: He seized the lightning from the sky and the scepter from the hand of tyrants. The Franklin Stove Franklin wrote this description of the stove he had invented to promote sales of a model being manufactured by his friend Robert Grace. A series of partitioned Iron plates permits a continuous supply of fresh warm air, separated from the smoke, to be distributed equally throughout the room. By controlling the airflow, less heat is lost, and much less wood is needed. Franklins stove became so popular In England and Europe that this essay was frequently reprinted and translated Into several foreign languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Franklins Design for Bifocals Ben]amen Franklin Is credited with the Invention of bifocal glasses, which he sketched ere for his friend George , a London merchant and pamphleteer. Franklin told he found them particularly useful at dinner in France, where he could see the food he was eating and watch the facial expressions of those seated at the table with him, which helped Interpret the words being said. He wrote: l understand French better by the help of my spectacles. Experiments in Electricity In 1751, Peter , President of the Royal Society, arranged for the publication of a series of letters from Benjamin Franklin, 1747 to 1750, describing his experiments on electricity. Franklin demonstrated his new theory of positive and negative charges, suggested the electrical nature of lightning, and proposed a tall, grounded rod as a protection against lightning. These experiments established Franklins reputation as a scientist. ND In 1753 he received the Couple Medal of the Royal Society for his contributions to the knowledge of lightning and electricity. On Electricity Benjamin Franklins formulation of a general theory of electrical action won him an internationa l reputation in pure science in his own day. Writing to Dutch physician and scientist Jan , Franklin responds to a number of his friends questions about electricity and the Elided Jar, an early form of electrical condenser.In this draft scientific report, It appears that Franklin wrote his answers first using dark Ink, leaving room for the questions, which he wrote In red Ink. 1 In this lengthy essay intended for his fellow scientist Jan , Benjamin Franklin attempted to explain the effects of lightning on a church steeple in Ceremony, Italy, by describing the effects of electricity on various metals. He based his hypothesis on other written accounts, and used this sketch of a tube of tin foil to aid in his explanation.Mapping the Gulf Stream Although Spanish explorers had described the Gulf Stream, Franklin, fascinated by the fact that the sea Journey from North America to England was shorter than the return trip, asked his cousin, sea captain Timothy Folder, to map its dimensions and course. Franklin published this map and hi s directions for avoiding it in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society in 1786. Systematic research, conducted by the U. S. Coast Survey, of the Gulf Stream did not occur until 1845.Franklin Battles the Common Cold Despite his eminence in scientific circles, Benjamin Franklin remained concerned with the more practical applications of scientific study. This sheet entitled Definition of a Cold is one of a series bearing Franklins notes for a paper he intended to write on the subject. Exercise, bathing, and moderation in food and drink consumption were Just some of his steps to avoid the common cold. The Aurora Benjamin Franklins interest in the mystery of the Northern Lights is said to have begun on his voyages across the North Atlantic to England.He ascribed the shifting lights to a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and other moisture. He reasoned that this overcharging caused a release of electrical illumination into the air. In this essay, which he wrote in English and French, Franklin analyzed the causes of the Aurora . It was read at the French CADÂ © DES Sciences on April 14, 1779. Franklins Harmonica Before leaving London in July 1762, Franklin wrote to the Italian philosopher .Not having anything new to report on their shared interest in electricity, Franklin described the improvements he had made to the musical glasses invented by Richard . By fitting a series of graduated glass discs on a spindle laid horizontal in a case and revolving the spindle by a foot treadle, Franklin could create bell-like tones by touching his wet fingers to the revolving glasses. Franklins harmonica became popular in Europe, with Mozart and Beethoven composing music for it.

British South Africa Company (BSAC)

British South Africa Company (BSAC) The British South Africa Company (BSAC) was a mercantile company incorporated on 29 October 1889 by a royal charter given by Lord Salisbury, the British prime minister, to Cecil Rhodes. The company was modeled on the East India Company and was expected to annex and then administer territory in south-central Africa, to act as a police force, and develop settlements for European settlers. The charter was initially granted for 25 years, and was extended for another 10 in 1915. It was intended that the BSAC would develop the region without significant cost to the British tax payer. It was therefore given the right to create its own political administration supported by a paramilitary force for protection of settlers against local peoples. Profits form the company, in terms of diamond and gold interests were reinvested in the company to allow it to expand its area of influence. African labor was exploited partially through the application of hut taxes, which required Africans to look for wages. Mashonaland was invaded by a Pioneer Column in 1830, then the Ndebele in Matabeleland. This formed the proto-colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). They were stopped from spreading further to the north west by King Leopolds holdings in Katanga. Instead they appropriated lands which formed Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). (There were failed attempts to also incorporate Botswana and Mozambique.) The BSAC was involved in the Jamison Raid of December 1895, and they faced a rebellion by the Ndebele in 1896 which required the aid of British to quell. A further rising of Ngoni people in Northern Rhodesia was suppressed in 1897-98. Mineral resources failed to be as large as implied to settlers, and farming was encouraged. The charter was renewed in 1914 on the condition that settlers be given greater political rights in the colony. Towards the end of the last extension of the charter, the company looked towards South Africa, which was interested in incorporating Southern Rhodesia into the Union. A referendum of the settlers voted for self-government instead. When the charter came to an end in 1923, white settlers were allowed to take control of the local government as a self-governing colony in Southern Rhodesia and as a protectorate in Northern Rhodesia. The British Colonial Office stepped in 1924 and took over. The company continued on after its charter lapsed, but was unable to generate sufficient profits for shareholders. Mineral rights in Southern Rhodesia were sold to the colonys government in 1933. Mineral rights in Northern Rhodesia were retained until 1964 when they were forced to hand them over to the government of Zambia.

Writing Acrostic Poems Valentines Poetry Lesson

Writing Acrostic Poems Valentines Poetry Lesson Are you in need of a quick Valentines Day poetry lesson plan to share with your students? Consider practicing acrostic poetry with them. To begin, follow these steps. First you must start by modeling the format of acrostic poems with your students. Work together to write a collective acrostic poem on the whiteboard. You can start out simple and use a students name. As a class brainstorm words and/or phrases that correlate with how the students feel about the name you are using for the example. For instance, lets say that you use the name Sara. Students may say words like sweet, awesome, rad, etc.Give your students a Valentines-related word list so that they can write their own acrostic poem. Consider the words: love, February, heart, friends, appreciate, chocolate, red, hero, and happy. Discuss the meaning of these words and the importance of expressing their appreciation to loved ones on the Valentines Day holiday.Next, give your students time to write their acrostic poems. Circulate and offer guidance as needed. Be sure to offer students suggestions if they ask.If you have time, allow the students to illustrate their poems. This project makes a great bulletin board display for February, especially if you do it a few weeks ahead of time! Suggest that your students give their acrostic poems to family members as Valentines Day gifts. Valentines Acrostic Poem Sample #1 Here is a sample of just using the word Valentine from a teacher. V - Very important to me A - Always smiling at me L - Love and adoration is what I feel E - Every day I love you N - Never make me frown T - Too many reasons to count I - I hope were always together N - Now and forever E - Each and every moment with you is special Sample #2 Here is a sample of using the word February from a student in fourth grade. F - feels very cold E - every single day B - because its winter time in every single way R - red means love U - underneath the warm sun A - always dreaming of the warmer months R -ready to celebrate Valentines day Y - Yes, I love Valentines Day even though its cold outside Sample  #3 Here is a sample acrostic poem using the word love from a second grade student. L - laughing O -oh how I love to laugh V - valentines day is about love E - every day I wish it was Valentines Day Sample #4 Here is a sample poem by a fifth grade student using the word grandma. G - Grandma is special and kind and sweet R - rad like a biker and someone you want to meet A - awesome N - not to mention cool D - daring and sweet, she always M - makes me laugh A - and that just cant be beat Sample #5 Here is a sample poem written by a fifth grader for her best friend. In this poem she used the name of her friend. A - A is for awesome and for someone I want to be N - N is for nice, because shes like my family D - D is for dedicated, because she is always by my side R - R is for radiant, I will always have her pride E - E is for generic, shes always on the go A - A is for angelic, she always seems to glow.

Why do women have facial hair or body hair. What is causing this Research Paper

Why do women have facial hair or body hair. What is causing this phenomena. Can it be cured or changed - Research Paper Example All people have hormones in their bodies that stimulate growth of their bodies and facial hair. It hence depends on the level of hormones secreted, the number of the hair follicles in an individual’s body, and how sensitive they are to be stimulated for growth. Any other conditions or substances introduced into the body that trigger overproduction of the hormones could contribute to excess body and facial hair. This is normally associated to the male gender for its masculine effect. However, women also produce the sex hormone in their adrenal glands and ovaries. Androgen aids in production of oestrogen that serves a greater role in female sexual desires, emotions and satisfaction. Testosterone and adrenal androgens are the main types of the hormone in women; they are released into the blood stream and also produced at the body tissues (body fats and skin) after conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (A) into androgens at the cells, skin, and hair follicles (Monash University, 2010, p.1). Male bodies produce more of the androgen hormone than women, which is necessary for development of their masculine features (muscles, deep voice, body hair on their chest, inner thighs, arms and lower abdomen and facial hair like mustache and beards among others). Similarly, a high level production of androgen (testosterone) hormone in excess would stimulate excess facial and body hair production in women among other masculine features, a condition termed Hirsutism (Jacoby and Youngson, 2005, p. 2196). As a result, the highly sensitive parts to androgen in women’s bodies have stimulated thick and darker hair growth. This is because the hair follicles in those parts are more sensitive and the higher the number of the follicles, the more the excessive hair on their bodies. Certain diets affect the production of testosterone hormone in a woman’s body. Diets that contain zinc minerals can help to activate testosterone production,

The role of retailer branding strategies in Singapore Research Paper

The role of retailer branding strategies in Singapore - Research Paper Example Product and brand are terms that are related because of several properties shared by them. Brand relies on the nature of the product or service. These attributes when used to market the product distinguishes it from its competitors, in the market, gives birth to Brand. Brand is linked with the product by relaying the attributes and character of the product. Additionally the characteristic of a product used to distinguish it from other product is termed as a brand. This means that the attributes associated with the product in terms of the characteristics of the product gives rise to brand. A brand deals with the identity of the product, which enables it to be distinguished from other products (Finskud, 2009, p. 34). A product currently may mean a good with physical characteristics or service or intangible goods such as software or algorithm. Therefore, a product can be described as a product, service or intangible good such as software that a firm produces and use it to generate incom e. Companies like Microsoft Corporation deal exclusively with software as their end product. Such software like Microsoft office 2010 is, therefore, a product of Microsoft Corporation. Brand deals specifically with the characters that distinguish the product in the market. It is the impression that surrounds the product. A brand can be categorized as a â€Å"strong brand† if it has several qualities or characters associated with strong brands (Finskud, 2009, p. 198)... Branding is vital in marketing because it enables the sales of all the company’s range of products. The success of many companies such as; Coca Cola, Adidas and Nike among other brands are based on use of brand image creation. Therefore, companies must be ready to venture in branding to be able to achieve success. Retailer branding in Singapore Retail branding is used by giant supermarkets in ensuring that the product sales are improved and outpace competition from other supermarket. The success is based on the ability to create a powerful strong brand. A strong brand is characterized by the ability to drive the shareholder value; therefore, it is managed by brand marketers who ensure an active buy-in from all stakeholders. The brand is valued in financial terms and is classified as an asset to the company during the calculation of profits and loss (Finskud, 2009, p. 45). As part of the organization, it is viewed as a part of the organization and covers a variety of business d imension. Additionally, customers are ready to pay consistently a higher price for the brand while ignoring the competing product or service. As a result of the strong affiliation to the brand, customers want to associate with the brand, it qualities, values and personality. Association with the brand gives rise to loyalty to the brand. Additionally, customers are ready to pay consistently a higher price for the brand while ignoring the competing product or service. As a result of the strong affiliation to the brand, customers want to associate with the brand, it qualities, values and personality. Association with the brand gives rise to loyalty to the brand. Due to the above characteristics the brand becomes a trademark protected by the firm and

Rbi’s Debt Management and Monetary Policy Essay Example for Free

Rbi’s Debt Management and Monetary Policy Essay I have shown you in class, using the IS-LM model, how the above two roles of the RBI presents a conflict between the desired positions of the LM curve and therefore the equilibrium interest rate. Some of you have expressed interest in knowing more about this debate. Therefore here are the two opposing points of view. For the motion: On this side of the debate is the government which supports an independent Debt Management Office (DMO) that is separate from the RBI. The government has received support from the Report of the Internal Working Group on Debt Management which has pointed out three conflicts that arises from the present arrangement: â€Å"If the Central Bank tries to be an effective debt manager, it would lean towards selling bonds at high prices, i.e. keeping interest rates low. This leads to an inflationary bias in monetary policy.† Second â€Å"if the Central Bank tries to do a good job of discharging its responsibility of selling bonds, it has an incentive to mandate that banks hold a large amount of government paper.† Third, â€Å"if the Central Bank administers the operating systems for the government securities markets, as the RBI currently does, this creates another conflict, where the owner/ administrator of these systems is also a participant in the market.† The Percy Mistry Committee on Making Mumbai an International Financial Centre (IFC) recommended the setting up of an autonomous DMO by saying that â€Å"looking ahead, a sound public borrowing strategy for India would incorporate three elements. . . An independent Indian â€Å"debt management office† operating either as an autonomous agency or under the Ministry of Finance that regularly auctioned a large quantum of INR denominated bonds in an IFC in Mumbai. The size of these auctions would be substantial by world standards and would enhance Mumbai’s stature as an IFC.† The Raghuram Rajan committee on Financial Sector Reforms (A Hundred Small Steps) has argued against RBI providing the â€Å"investment banking† function to the government as â€Å"this involves a conflict of interest, since the government would benefit from lower interest rates, which the RBI has some control over. Investors in the bond market may also perceive the sale of bonds by RBI to be informed by a sense of how interest rates will evolve in the  future. Finally, the RBI is the regulator of banks. Banking supervision could be distorted by the desire to sell bonds at an attractive price.† Media commentators have also supported the motion. See for instance Ajay Shah writing in the Business Standard,Ila Patnaik writing in the Indian Express, Shruthi Jayaram writing in the Financial Express, S. Narayan writing in the Mint. Also see what the Stanford University’s Policy Brief and the Bank for International Settlements feel about this issue. Against the motion: Predictably the RBI is opposing the above views. See this Business Standard report which quotes RBI Governor Dr Subbarao as saying that Only central banks have the requisite market pulse and instruments to aid in making contextual judgements which an independent debt agency, driven by narrow objectives, will not be able to do. The Governor further said that in order to achieve monetary and financial stability, separation of debt management from central bank seems to be a sub-optimal choice. The case for shifting debt management function out of the central bank is made on several arguments such as resolving conflict of interest, reducing the cost of debt, facilitating debt consolidation and increasing transparency. These advantages are overstated, Dr Subbarao said. He said market borrowings are the major source of deficit financing at state level and such borrowings are exceeding the absorptive capacity of the market. That makes it imperative to harmonise the market borrowing programmes of the Centre and the states. Separation of the Centres debt management from the central bank will make such harmonisation difficult, Dr Subbarao added. He said even internationally, there is closer association between the central bank with sovereign debt management for proper monetary policy and financial stability. Also see this Business Line report which quotes Dr Subbrao as saying that â€Å"the learning from the recent global crisis is that those systems where central bank manages government debt are more effective. When fiscal deficit is as high as it is in India, it is not only about debt management in the conventional sense. It has larger implications for liquidity management and monetary policy transmission. The balance of advantage would lie in the RBI continuing to manage public debt until fiscal deficit comes down to very comfortable levels.† RBI’s internal research  supports the above view by demonstrating that interest rates have not been affected by the government’s borrowing programme (a point made by some of you in class). Some media commentators have also supported RBI’s view (see this article in the Economic Times). You will be amused to know that Dr Subbarao himself was an advocate of an independent DMO when he used to work for the government! The confusion over this issue was evidenced by the Rakesh Mohan Committee on India’s Financial Sector Assessment which opined in favour of an independent DMO with the chairman (an ex-deputy governor of the RBI) disagreeing with the committee’s view! Tailpiece: The RBI seems to have reconciled to the setting up of an independent DMO but is insisting that they be in charge of running the office (so much for independence)! See this report from the Financial Express. Finally you may enjoy reading this article from the Economic Times on â€Å"Chidambaram vs Subbarao: How conflicts between govt and RBI could lead to better policy-making†.

Violent Video Games Raise Aggression Essay -- Gaming

Throughout history man kind has always searched for ways to entertain himself, each time developing new activities and games. Video games have become a very popular way to spend time and have fun from the 1970’s up to now. With new developments appeared different video game genres from adventure to racing, but the violent video games appear to be the most popular ones (Shin, 2003), for example: shooters, fighting and video games where you have to eliminate, destroy, or kill your enemies. Video games have become very influential on children and adults (Stafford, 1999). With violent video games humans are more prone to act aggressively, to have aggressive thoughts and become numb towards violence (Harding, 2009). Apart from these they are prone to develop antisocial behavior, depression and addiction. This means that future generations will be more violent and less sensible towards violence. Is this type of entertainment really worth a more violent world and future? B. The IT background of the issue Back in time input devices for video games were analog this means that data was very short ranged and limited like for example movements in the x-axis only, like in â€Å"Pong†. This is one of the reasons why before there were very few and not that violent video games such as â€Å"Space Invader†. But as technology developed so did the video game industry (Reynolds, 2004) and input devices became each time more complex. With more option in the input devices people can do more actions in the video games like for example combo moves or kill enemies in many other different ways (Stafford, 1999). Another development that has caused the appearance of violent video games is the increase in quality of the output. Before, the only VDU’s were C... ...1/2008. CNN. 24/05/2010 â€Å"Insert Coin: Part 5-Violence in Video Games†. Brent Stafford. Internet. Youtube, 02/11/2006 Shaky egg. Brent Stafford. 2004. Shaky Egg Communications Inc. 24/05/2010 Red3d. Craig Reynolds. 22/07/2007. None. 24/05/2010 About.com. Jennifer Rosenberg. 2003. The New York Times Company. 24/05/2010 Gamezero. Salamander. 08-09/1992. Game Zero Magazine. 24/05/2010 Tgorski. Terence Gorski. Unknown. GORSKI-CENAPS Team. 24/05/2010

How Was Sparta Governed

How was Sparta governed? The Spartan Government Ancient Spartan government was a complex system of intertwined elements, which affected the power control. In many ways, ancient Sparta was a communist state, with the lack of luxuries, other Grecian states enjoyed and the strict control for equality but was complicated with the almost religious need for a democratic vote. Sparta had three levels of government; the Kings’, the Gerousia, the Ephors and the Ekklesia, each having their own requirements, limitations and powers.The Spartan monarchy consisted of 2 kings which governed over Sparta. Unlike other Grecian kings, Spartan Kings had very little power and did not have an autocratic rule over day-to-day life. A Spartan kings’ duties were classified as religious, military, judicial roles. As the head figure of religion in Sparta, the kings were the priests of Zeus, Lacedaemonis and Zeus Uranius. The kings’ family would also worship these gods. As a monthly ritual, the kings were expected to make an animal sacrifice to the god Apollo, as to maintain the pleasure of the gods.This was similar to the sacrifice he would make prior to going to war. As a part of his religious role, the king would appoint two Pythioi who would travel back and forth to consult with the oracle (a possessed priestess whom was said to speak the words of the Gods) at Delphi. During a time of war, only one king would be sent with the battalions, and would be the supreme commander of the army. In the field of battle, the king would have ultimate power over his troops, including the life or death of his army. During the course of the war, the king would have a personal bodyguard of 100 men.Being a part of the royal bodyguard was considered to be one of the greatest honours. Amongst this body guard, 2 members of the Ephor’s would be in attendance, and keep an eye on his activities. They would record any failure or misconduct during a military campaign and could lead to the recall of the army, or punishment of the king. As stated above, the Kings’ power was strictly limited, which is seen in his judicial role. The king was responsible for all matters pertaining to public highways (e. g. the repairs, conflicts, etc).He was responsible for all legal matters in regards to the adoption of children and the power to decide upon the marriage partner of an heiress whose father died. Despite the extremities of limits the kings’ faced he had privileges which were considered as a ‘luxury’ in terms of Spartan society, such as the kings’ being supported at the expense of the state. They would also receive minor honours such as the best seats at religious festivals. During mealtimes, the kings were given the first seats at a banquet and were served first at the Syssitia.During the Syssition the kings would also receive double portions of a meal. Another privilege of the kings, following a successful war campaign, the king (who went to war) would be given a percentage of the spoils of victory. The kings could also receive the skins of any animal that had been sacrificed in a religious ceremony. At the event of a king’s death, all public business would be ceased for a 10 day period, where civilians would wear mourning clothing. During his funeral, the king’s reign would be lauded as being greater than any other previous king.Herodotus describes the role of the kings in The Histories in Book VI (6) as â€Å"The prerogatives of the Spartan kings are these: two priesthoods, of Zeus Lakedaemon†¦ and the power of declaring war on whom they please†. The kings’ role in governing Sparta was more of figure of status, that maintaining any real power outside the battlefields of war. Following the Kings’ power, were the Gerousia. The Gerousia was a group of 28 members (a total of 30, with addition of the kings’). The requirements to join the Gerousia was to be a man sixty years or older, and considered to be too old for warfare.Aristotle describes the Gerousia as â€Å"it might be debated whether they should be continued judges for life and so determine matters of the greatest importance, since the mind has its old age as well as the body†. Being a member of this particular government was considered to be prestigious and ensured the high status of the Spartiate as the position carried on until the death of the individual. The Gerousia was a body whose position it was to prepare and debate bills, which were then passed on to the lower levels of government.Their other main function was to be the head court of justice, and would decide upon treasonous crimes by the citizens. Unlike the kings’ powers having limitations, the Gerousia’s only main limitation was that although it was the court of Justice, it was the Ephors who were the Supreme court of Appeal. From this, the Gerousia is deemed a powerful level of government. The Ephors w ere next in power, below the Gerousia, but considered one of the most powerful bodies of government. The Ephors were a body of 5 men aged 30 and above who had full Spartiate citizenship.These men were supposedly representatives for every village in Sparta. The roles of the Ephors were monitoring the kings’, interactions with the Ekklesia, controlled the education and the Krypteia. As a part of the Ephors, or Ephorate, the citizen had an enormous power over the king. As such, they could monitor the king in his own home, 2 members would join a king should warfare occur and bring could bring him to an account, should he fail to have a successful war campaign. During a time of war, it was also the responsibility of the Ephors to organise the mobilisation of the army.A failure could lead him to defend himself in front of a court of Gerousia and Ephorate members, whose role it was to be the deciders of a king’s fate if prosecuted for wrong-doing. The Ephors were also the sup reme court and supreme court of appeal in Sparta, allowing them significant power over the Spartiates, Inferiors and Helots. In As an Ephor, a Spartiate held much control over the laws in which Sparta was governed. They could introduce legislation, which, without the permission of the Ephors, foreign envoys could not enter into Sparta.They could also create laws for foreign policies and control when meetings of the Ekklesia and Gerousia took place. They would oversee and preside over the meetings, introduce legislation and check on the numerous magistrates in Sparta. Ephorates had the power to control the Krypteia, a secret police for Spartiate boys aged 19 – 24 whose objective was to hunt and kill Helots. The Ephors also had the power to allocate Helots to Spartiate families, who would work domestic jobs for them as serfs. The Ephors also controlled the run the Agoge, or Spartan education system.This was a complex system where boys were sent out at the age of 7 until approxi mately 20 to learn to be warriors. Similar to the Gerousia, the Ephors had limitations to their powers. This included that their time in office was a single year and after that single term, they could not become an Ephor again. After their term in office, the Spartiate would revert to a citizen and it was said that if an Ephor behaved badly during his time in office, he could be trialled for his misdoings. Aristotle provides information on the Ephors stating; â€Å"†¦ he Ephorate†¦ has supreme authority in the most important matters†, which adds to the belief that the Ephors being a key part in government and the running of Sparta. The Ekklesia or as referred to in older books as the Apella, was the assembly of the Spartiate males, who were involved in Spartan politics. Any Spartiate male over the age of 30 who had retained his citizenship was eligible to sit in the assembly. The Ekklesia had the power for legislations, elections, warfare, kingships and Helots.When the Ephors presented legislations to the Ekklesia, the assembly had the right to vote on laws; and they could ratify treaties. The Ekklesia is also responsible for the elections of the Gerousia and Ephors, and deciding which king would go to war with the Army. Although it’s disputed, it was said from c. 700 BC onwards that the Ekklesia had the right to declare war on enemies. When the families of royal lineage disputed over the next monarch, it was the Ekklesia who would ultimately choose who would take the throne.Most disputes originated on the laws of succession, as a male son could not take the throne should he be born prior to his father succeeding the throne. Should that situation arise, it would be passed on to the next male heir. Other succession disputes originate from the lack of male heirs, in which case the throne would be passed on to the nephews of the late king. The Ekklesia was also responsible for the freeing of Helots, should they have done something extremel y courageous on the battle front, to earn their freedom.The Ekklesia had many limitations to their power, as they could not offer amendments to any of the presented legislations. Their democratic votes for laws could be ignored by the higher levels of government (Ephors or Gerousia) or be contradicted by Rider to the Rhetra which was introduced by previous kings, Polydorus and Theopompous. Although the Ekklesia was one of the largest bodies of government in Sparta, it very limited in the influences it could make on Spartan society. Spartan government was a complex set of layers, which had many limitations to the amount of power each layer had.

Criticism of Quitak’s Child observation Essay

Quitak first explains that she is â€Å"working on the assumption that the problematic aspects of our experience contain the maximum potential†. However I think it is important to clarify from the outset, how she reached this assumption, as the reader does not know whether she went into the observation with this belief or whether these assumptions were developed as a result of her observation. There is another important omission relating to who the author actually is. She hasn’t positively stated that she is a Social Work student, although this is implied when she states that her observations had â€Å"implications for social work.† Therefore it is difficult to ascertain her purpose for carrying out the observations. Furthermore Quitak fails to mention how she came to select the child included in her observations, how many observation sessions took place and the length of the sessions. Therefore the reader is unable to assess whether there were any issues of bias involved in her selection process. The fact that she is the product of English middle class parents means she may be going into the study with particular assumptions, as she is observing a child who has a Palestinian parent. A significant area which was lacking in her observations was her inability to â€Å"tune in to Selena’s inner world† (pg 250), although Quitak does acknowledge this omission. She didn’t really try to question and understand Selena’s behaviour or how she might be feeling when she demonstrated behaviour she didn’t like, which meant her observation suffered as a result. King (2010) stresses the importance of â€Å"to access the child’s emotional world†.

Vaccinations Autism Spectrum and Asd Essay

Vaccinations Autism Spectrum and Asd Essay Vaccinations: Autism Spectrum and Asd Essay Exposure to environmental toxins in developing human brains has strong implications to the cause and development of Autism Spectrum Disorders especially if when a genetic vulnerability is present. An Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an incurable neurological disorder that impacts social connectedness, impairs communication and can exhibit repetitive patterns of behavior. The frequency of ASD has been on the rise since the 1970’s. In 1970 Autism was diagnosed for 3 in every 10,000, increasing to 66 in every 10,000 to about 1 in 88 children in 2008. The dramatic increase over the past 20 years has brought this disorder to national attention which has aided in awareness. This awareness helps parents learn the signs of an ASD so that they may achieve the help for their child that comes from a proper diagnosis at an earlier age. However, awareness and an increase in diagnosis alone can’t explain the huge increase and so doctors have tried to find other explanations. A deve loping brain being exposed to environmental toxins is greatly attributed to the development of Autism. The way the toxins weaken the developing immune system, toxins in food, gut dsybiosis, and excessive vaccinations that contain toxins like mercury all play a major role in whether or not a child develops Autism. Skeptics may say that it is genetics alone that cause Autism; however, genetics, like awareness, doesn’t explain the dramatic increase in cases seen over the past 20 years. Regardless, the risk is too high and the effects of these toxins are devastating for those individuals whose bodies can’t process it. Gastrointestinal involvement to ASD has been

The Easiest Ways to Embrace Big Trends in Digital Marketing

The Easiest Ways to Embrace Big Trends in Digital Marketing Digital marketing  is predicted to change a lot in the coming years and its moving fast. Technology is disrupting the way people discover your brand and consume your content, and now is the perfect time to prepare. At the beginning of this year, Sujan Patel did a great article looking at the  biggest and most exciting marketing trends  to adapt to. Feeling inspired, I decided to follow up giving actionable tips on how we can actually embrace those trends using emerging marketing software that is there to help content marketers to innovate. Check Out ’s Entire Marketing Toolstack Before digging into these actionable tips, check out s own marketing toolstack. Voice Search Becomes More Prominent With the ever-growing market of smartphones, as well as with the fast adoption of smart speaker assistants, voice search is quickly making it way into the online marketing world. Voice search growth presents a few challenges to content marketers, including: Organic search discoverability: Being #1 is the only way to get any exposure from voice search. New content consumption journey: On-the-go voice searchers need solutions immediately, right now. Performance tracking: Too much is going on to be able to effectively analyze what helps and what hurts your organic search visibility. Luckily, there are tools for all three challenges: Competing for #1 on Voice Search By default, there's only one search result being presented to a voice search user. While we were previously competing for top 5 positions, we are now going to compete for one. The good news, where there's a challenge, there's an opportunity. The searching behavior is changing: Search queries are getting longer, more varied and less predictable. We previously knew pretty well what we were optimizing our content for (and so did our competitors). Nowadays marketers are dealing with a much wider variety of ways our content can be discovered via search. Spoken speech is less standardized than written text. When speaking a search query to a machine, we are less confined by the rules of grammar and we are less influenced by popular search suggestions. Thanks to voice search, SEO relies more on natural language and less on SERPs design and algorithmic matching. With that in mind, what can really be done? Unlike what you may have heard, SEO is not going to die any time soon, neither is  keyword research. You still need to research keyword queries people use when searching. The difference is: (Even)  more attention to long-tail, less popular queries  (Those are more likely to be generated by voice search users). A wider variety of keyword research sources  allowing you to aggregate data and dig deeper into possible searching behaviors. These should include both standard keyword research tools (  Spyfu,  Majestic,  Ahrefs,  Wordstream, etc.) and non-SEO sources, like Twitter monitoring and customer support emails. Recommended Reading: The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide That Will Make Your Traffic Soar So with a wider variety of queries and more keyword data sources, how to make sense of those lists and turn them into actual content plans? Keyword clustering (i.e. grouping) is the answer. Keyword clustering  means grouping your keywords by relevance. Serpstat  offers a unique  clustering feature  allowing you to submit long keyword lists and breaking those queries into categories based on how similar Google SERPs for each of them are. The logic is as follows: The more overlapping results (i.e. pages) Google returns for two queries, the more related those queries (i.e. keywords) are,  so there's no reason to create two separate landing pages to catch each of those. Put simply, clustering helps you optimize one content asset for a wider variety of keywords making it possible to cater to a wider variety of voice-search-driven queries. Recommended Reading: What Are Topic Clusters (And How Can They Boost Your Traffic)? Optimizing for the Immediate Need Another opportunity brought forward by voice searching is optimizing for "on-the-go" needs.   Google  claims that more than 90%  of their users turn to mobile devices and voice search for inspiration while in the middle of the task. New consumers need information "right here" and "right now". Those brands that optimize their content for these searching "micro-moments" satisfying an immediate need at any given moment will win the organic search game. Micro-moment content optimization involves: Optimizing for featured snippets  (news outlets can also use  Google Speakable  to record an audio which Google will read in response to a voice query). Optimizing for questions, lots of them (this includes using "People Also Ask" boxes for inspiration). Optimizing for  search intent. All of the three tactics above are not isolated: There's no need to create a separate strategy to hit each of them. Featured rankings depend on your overall organic rankings, answering questions helps you get featured, and whether your content is satisfying the query search intent determines how high you show up in Google. In other words, it's all inter-connected and luckily today's SEO software can help you on all those fronts. Text Optimizer  is one of my recent discoveries that uses semantic analysis to help you create content that: Matches the search intent Includes related and neighboring terms Answers popular questions on each topic Using TextOptimizer is easy: Run your core query you are creating content around (TextOptimizer runs your query in Google, extracts search result snippet and comes up with related terms to help you match Google's expectations better). Select 20-25 of the suggested terms you feel will fit your future content best and include them in your copy naturally. Use suggested questions to cover in your copy and structure it better (using subheads). Run the tool again, this time using your written content, to see how well you did optimizing your copy. Google  claims that more than 90%  of their users turn to mobile devices and voice search for...Monitoring Your Efforts Closely Finally, with mobile and voice search on the rise, it has become much more challenging to monitor all your content marketing assets and, more importantly, identify the actual impact of each new (optimization) tactic you have experimented with. I am still trying to figure that part out (content analytics is never a finished task really), but what I started doing differently recently is recording all my content and website updates on a micro-level to see a bigger picture over time. Rankedy  is an interesting tool allowing you to create a micro-journal for each of your important queries allowing you to track if any of your content marketing tactics is bringing the desired ranking growth. I am using it to record everything I am doing to the site to later see the impact. Rankedy tracks both mobile and desktop rankings helping you understand the impact of your content marketing efforts. Video Marketing is Still on the Rise Video content has been on the rise for a few years now bringing in new customers' expectations. Your audience expects  to find your brand on Youtube and for many queries they expect to engage with the video rather than text content. Youtube being the second biggest search engine in the world and Google giving more and more organic search visibility to videos (through video carousels and video featured snippets), failing to embrace video marketing means failing to get found  online. There are a few reasons why many brands still shy away from video marketing: Video production is hard to scale. Video market seems already over-cluttered. Video marketing requires solid investment (either in time or money or both). Last year I did a detailed  step-by-step tutorial  on how to overcome all those challenges using content re-packaging tactics. The video creation tools that I listed there include: Blue Jeans to put together video interviews  with influencers  and customers. Filmora to create screencasts and how-to videos. Animatron to create professional entertaining or instructional videos. All in all, there are many more video creation tools (as well as both  video footage  and  free image  resources) allowing you to launch your video marketing strategy on a low budget and helping you find your style and voice in this fast-growing industry. When it comes to researching your video marketing opportunities, there's a tool for that too!   Video SEO Tool  (Disclaimer: This tool has been developed by the company I work for)  grabs your domain’s most important queries and returns the list of videos that rank for each of them stealing your clicks from organic search results. Simply enter your domain and see video opportunities for each high-performing page of your site: Now use the tools above to create better, more up-to-date, videos than those currently ranking in Google and you are in the video marketing game. Personalization Finally, another big marketing trend that is disrupting digital marketing in general and content marketing, in particular, is advanced personalization. While there's a lot being said about personalized marketing, not many businesses clearly understand the concept. Personalized marketing is often confused with these two older (but still valid) marketing tactics: Segmentation Persona building If you are doing either (or both) of the above (which you probably should), it doesn't mean you are embracing personalized marketing just yet. To help you out: Personalized marketing is not making other â€Å"customization-based† marketing obsolete. You still need to segment your optin lists to send more engaging emails. And persona building is still a valid way to better understand your target audience and create more relatable and engaging content. But what about personalized marketing? Is there any way to adopt this more complicated trend? While personalized marketing seems a bit intimidating, it's what your target customer may be expecting from you. With the biggest digital marketing players (e.g. Amazon and Netflix) already offering artificial-intelligence-driven personalized shopping experience and many digital brands offering on-demand and  over-the-top  content, more and more customers are willing to see the same level of personalization from other (smaller) publishers. The good news is, marketing technology is catching up: With tools like  Alter  you can offer personalized marketing experience to your audience on a small budget, with no in-house technology investment needed.

Importance of Smoke Alarms in Homes Research Paper

Importance of Smoke Alarms in Homes - Research Paper Example This paper will outline the significance of installing smoke alarms in homes as a means to secure them from risks of potential fires. A fire disaster is a dreaded situation, which can result from gas leaks, short-circuits or overheated appliances. Smoke alarms are very helpful in considerably reducing the chances of fire hazards in homes. However, there are many households that have neglected to install smoke alarms, despite their life-saving potential and low cost, or have been careless in maintaining the installed detectors. Like any other battery-operated device, smoke alarms also require regular maintenance to ensure that they are in good operating condition and have sufficient batteries at the time of a hazardous situation (UL 2011). Effective and reliable smoke alarms are easily available at reasonably low prices; whereas more advanced models can be linked to a security system that automatically notifies the fire department. According to a recent study by the US Fire Administra tion (USFA), the number of household fires has increased on a year-on-year basis by almost 2%, resulting in an overall loss of over 2,500 lives and 6.5 trillion dollars (USFA 2011). Another research, carried out by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has estimated that 96% of all households have a smoke alarm present, but only 70% of these are in working condition. However, from the 400,000 household fires that have been approximately reported, 72% of the deaths were caused by either an unmaintained or missing smoke alarm (NFPA 2011). Most of these fires also cause injuries, which may result in disfigurement and other mental effects (Miller et al. 1982). A working smoke alarm  doubles  the chances of survival from a fire (NFPA 2011). The majority of fire hazards take place at night, especially when people are asleep and may not detect the spreading smoke or fire. Smoke alarms keep that risk down by alerting everyone in the household when smoke is detected. It helps t he occupants find a safe passage out of their homes, before they become trapped in the fire. Most of the deaths that take place are usually due to suffocation from smoke or other gaseous substances, which are invisible to the human eye and can spread rapidly around the house. Hence, without smoke alarms, smoke is likely to go unnoticed, especially during the night, posing a great threat to the occupants of the house (DOS 2007). However, with a functioning smoke detector, the residents can easily discover and sense if there is smoke spreading in the house and save themselves and their loved ones from possible dangers. Smoke alarms do not prevent fires, but because they provide warnings of small fires, or smokes, that can be easily extinguished, they reduce the number of fires that become serious enough to cause injuries or burns, leading to fatalities. In a recent tragic incident, a family was using a space heater to heat their house. Their house did not have a smoke alarm installed. Unfortunately, the heater malfunctioned, causing a small local fire, which went unnoticed due to the absence of a smoke alarm. The fire spread rapidly, and in a couple of minutes, the fire had engulfed the house completely, trapping the whole family inside it. Sadly, by the time the fire department arrived at the scene, the family members were critically injured. They were immediately shifted to a hospital, where three children succumbed to their injuries and passed away. The parents are still recovering

Who Won the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who Won the War of 1812 - Essay Example In fact, while the majority of Americans are familiar with the War of Independence and many can recite key events and turning points within it, few can do the same as regards the War of 1812, the second war with the British. Indeed, the War of 1812 appears to have been virtually ignored by historians. While determining the reasons for the aforementioned may be quite difficult, it can be argued that this is largely due to the fact that the war was inconclusive. In other words, not only does the war emerge as somewhat senseless but ended in a stalemate. A closer analysis of this particular conflict, however, exposes the aforementioned as a superficial understanding of the War of 1812. While it may have ended in a stalemate between the British and the American armies, an argument for the United States' victory can be made, both because of the Battle of New Orleans and the destruction of the Indian confederation. The War of 1812 was incited by nationalist sentiments and America's determined quest for independence. While the country had emerged victories from the American Revolution of 1783, Britain did not withdraw from the Great Lakes territory and provided the frontier Indians with quite significant backing against the American forces (Latimer, 2007).

Change in the Chinese Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change in the Chinese Economy - Essay Example The recent changes prohibit a third party to offer products in China for sale without the due permission of the patent holder. The people associated with the third party should not assume that they can go ahead and sell their products in China. Before this law was introduced, the companies' in the country were allowed to sell products manufactured in the other countries. This paper will examine the changes in the Chinese Economy over the past 6-7 years. A comprehensive analysis of the position of Chinese Economy will also be provided in this paper. The Chinese economy has witnessed tremendous boom because of the rise of 3 third party logistics in the country. There are several 3PL companies in China that are making huge profits operating in 3PL. Foreign 3PL companies have also started entering China to capture the share of profit and the same is boosting the economy of China for the last 6-7 years. The important features of 3PL industry will be discussed in the following part of the paper. Outsourcing enables companies to source in China without having their own warehouse and staff in China at very reasonable prices. Outsourcing gives access to better human resources, which are suitable for a given country in a given situation. For instance, even the people working in a BPO in the US would easily charge at least double the amount when compared to the people working in various Asian countries and this is exactly why the US companies have opened up various BPOs in Asian countries. Less Upfront Cost: Outsourcing enables a company to access superior technology without paying hefty amounts upfront. Though, this is not exactly the case with 3PL companies. But still, logistics outsourcing is preferred by countless companies worldwide and it has many advantages that we will account for in the upcoming pages. Innovation: Outsourcing is also preferred because it is an innovative concept and it is capable of innovation. Various people employed, bring in a huge pool of talent and the same talent produces innovation. Innovation is the need of the hour and no company can sustain without innovating something that will become popular with the customers. 3PL has been a very pivotal factor in the growth of the Chinese Economy other factors will be discussed in the following parts of the paper. Expansion of the Chinese Economy over the Last 6 Years The Chinese economy has become a force to reckon with over the last 5-6 years, it is only behind the US economy when measure in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. The economy is the third largest in the world if it is measured using the exchange-rate system. China holds the record for being the fastest growing economy over the last 5-6 years. The country has eradicated poverty completely but there is another side of this aspect, the country is witnessing inequalities in income of individuals. China's population is arguably its biggest asset; the manpower and cheap labor are the two most instrumental aspects that have made the Chinese economy what it is today. "China's economy is huge and expanding rapidly. In the last 30 years the rate of Chinese economic growth has been almost miraculous, averaging 8% growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per annum. The economy has grown more than 10

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell Winters Bone, written by Daniel Woodrell, tells the story of seventeen year old Ree Dolly and her struggles to save her family from the unfortunate circumstance that they have found themselves in. Deep in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, where family ties are very important and all you have to do be beat up is ask the wrong questions, Ree is confronted with a clinically crazy mother, missing father and two young brothers too look after, as well as having only a matter of weeks before they are to be kicked off their own property. After her father Jessup Dolly, a well-known drug dealer and crank chef, fails to show for court, the law gives her only a few days to prove that there is a good reason that he didnt show before they claim the house that Jessup put up for his bond, where she, her mother and two younger brothers live. The reason, being that he is dead. There is no specific time period identified. However, it is safe to assume that is set in fairly recent times due to the techno logy mentioned such as Walkmans and television, as well as descriptions of modern types of cars. The novel has personal interest to me as Ree is the same age, yet in entirely different circumstances. The conditions that she has found herself placed under teach her to be very strong and have maturity beyond her years. These struggles are similar to those faced by the characters in the other texts that I have reviewed, such as Matty Ross in the film True Grit. Matty is also in a way in search of her father, except in her case it is more metaphorically than literally, as she goes on her quest to avenge her fathers death. She also is a young girl under unfortunate circumstances, who has to grow up very quickly in order to fend for herself. The novel is written in third person from an omniscient narrative point of view, focusing on Ree. This allows the reader to get a close perspective of Ree and her thoughts, letting them know what she does, yet still not being from her point of view. I personally enjoyed this perspective as at allowed me to feel closer to Ree and appreciate her outlook toward other characters as well as get a clearer idea her surroundings. This novel is similar in theme to The Hunger Games by Susanne Collins, in that the main character is a strong female of about the same age. Both Katniss and Ree are very protective of their younger siblings, Ree of Sonny and Harold, and Katniss of Prim, as well as having absent fathers and unsupportive mothers, leaving them to look after themselves as well as their siblings. They both are placed under unfortunate circumstances that force them to grow up prematurely and deal with things that people many years their senior would struggle to cope with. This plays on the sympathies of the reader, making them feel that the situation the character is in is unfair, making them want to read on to find vengeance. I believe that this text would be aimed at an older audience, as the writing style and themes involved would not be suitable for a younger audience. It is very poetic and well balanced, and would most likely be lost on the common fast paced style that is used in novels aimed at younger audiences to hold their attention. Themes like drugs and substance abuse, as well as physical abuse run throughout the text making it unsuitable for a less mature audience. It is my opinion that the book is beautifully written. It is a short book that avoids periphrasis and clichà ©, expressing only what is necessary to the imagery for the reader, making it dense and giving it the ability to hold the readers interest. It is almost poetic in the way that it is written, in that it uses a lot of imagery and gets a great deal of information out of a small amount of text, for example Fading light buttered the ridges until shadows licked them clean and they were lost to nightfall. There are also parts where what is going on is implied rather than explicit, allowing the reader to think about what is going on and read between the lines. I believe that the way that the author portrays Ree is appealing, a veiled heroine in a brutal environment, who refuses to yield to the ugliness of the society in which she lives. The general atmosphere of the text is quite sombre, however it does offer triumphant moments. The quality of writing is very different from that of The Hunger Games, which although has a good story line, is lacking in much writing technique and the language is rather colloquial. Winters Bone on the other hand is such a rich tale with a very broad dictation that helps to keep the audience captivated from beginning to completion. One of the scenes that I believe to be important to the readers perspective of Ree is the scene where she teaches her brothers how to hunt and skin squirrels. By doing this she is ensuring that they can look after themselves in future if she is not there to care for them. It is admirable how at the age of only sixteen she has practically raised them, and has the initiative to think of their futures and to protect them against any eventuality where she may not be able to look after them. She isnt stupid and knows the gravity of the situation she is putting herself in by going in search of her father, and still puts her familys well-being ahead of her own. Later on in the book after Sonny asks her if she will be leaving them for the army, Ree replies Naw. Id get lost without the weight of you two on my back. I believe that this quote accurately sums up her attitude toward her brothers, how she has been burdened with looking after them for so long that that she doesnt know what she woul d do otherwise. This novel turns out to be much more than a simple tale of a girl in search of her father. It unravels to be an admirable tale of a young heroine who refuses to let the brutalities of the world in which she lives get to her even when put under the most unpleasant circumstances. It carries strong messages of family ties and the worth of having the capability to refuse to take no for an answer. It is possibly the best written book that I have read of late, and I would not hesitate to endorse it if asked for recommendation. By Emily Moss

Pre-Marital Sex :: social issues

Pre-Marital Sex Premarital sex is a huge problem in society today. People everywhere are not waiting until they get married to have sex. People having sex today are not aware of the consequences that come with having sex. They just think it is fun and there are nothing other than fun comes with having sex. Some people tend to have a lot of sex. They say they do it for the satisfaction. They believe sex is fun. It is perceived to be a great thing from the time one is young. Going to elementary school kids always talked about the day they were going to have sex. They looked forward to it. Where they got the idea that sex was such a great thing is a question that one must ask? The movies, maybe. The magazines that one sees when digging through the drawers of an older brother, uncle or ones father. Sex is all over society. You can not watch cable television without seeing people kissing intimately, or even having sex. Just because cable does not show full nudity does not make it any better to let an eight year old child watch a television show full of sex. In today's society women are not held to that same standard as men are when it comes to having sex. Now that the reasons people are having sex has been somewhat discussed and is out of the way, let us discuss the consequences that come with having sex, such as A.I.D.S. This is a deadly virus that kills ones immune system. A person never dies from the actual virus. They die from the diseases that they would not have otherwise contracted if they still had a strong immune system. The immune system doesn't die slowly either it take at least five years for the immune system to eventually give out. A person can die from a simple cold if they have contracted the A.I.D.S virus. They cold starts of as a normal one does but it just keeps getting worse and worse. People suffer before they die from this disease. This disease has been responsible for killing millions of people. The way this virus is contracted is through exchange of bodily fluids. Sex is the number one way this virus is spread. What people are not realizing is this disease is deadly and by having premarital sex and not being monogamous they too can contract this disease.

Movie Review Of Sin City Film Studies Essay

The film ‘Sin City ‘ directed by three manager that is Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Frank Miller was born in the twelvemonth of 1957 January 27 in Olney, Maryland. He is a amusing book author and besides an creative person. He is a celebrated dark movie manager and cartoon strips author. Fictional characters and films that created by Frank Miller is ‘Sin City ‘ , ‘Elektra ‘ and ‘Martha Washington ‘ . Robert Rodriguez was born in the twelvemonth 1968 June 20. He is an American Film manager and besides a instrumentalist for his films. Ever after his male parent bought him the first VCRs, he start to acquire interested with movie devising. Quentin Tarantino was born in the twelvemonth of 1963 March 27. He is a movie manager who utilizes nonlinear plot line and love to direct violent films. He won an Academy Award for his interesting movie. The chief subject of this film ‘Sin City ‘ is about violent viol ent death in the City. In this Sin City film, there are several parts of killing scene that deliver violent actions. The first portion killing scene is on top of the penthouse, a smart handsome cat have oning a suit offering a coffin nail to a beautiful lady have oning a ruddy dinner frock. In a minute subsequently, the cat shoots her and holds her stopping point in his arm until she is gone. The 2nd killing scene happens in the warehouse country. Hartigan is a police officer who wanted to salvage an 11 old ages old miss name Nancy which caught by a kid slayer name Roark. Somehow Hartigan is stop by his spouse Bob as because Bob do n't desire to acquire himself kill. Hartigan is being shoot by his spouse Bob as he ‘s the informer. Nancy lay on Hartigan laps and he knows she ‘ll be safe. The 3rd killing scene happens to Goldie, lover of Marv who is found decease the following forenoon beside him. Marv wanted a retaliation on the individual who kills Goldie but he is stop by Lucille, which is his parole officer. Surprisingly, Marv is being attack by a miss which looks likewise as Goldie. Marv hunt for Roark household farm a immature adult male name Kevin which is the individual who kills Goldie. Marv squad up with Wendy to pay a retaliation for Goldie. He is charge for killing Kevin and central. At last, he is sentence to decease in an electric chair. The 4th scene happens in Shellie flat, where she brings her new fellow Dwight back place. Jackie Boy with all his pack who ever abuse cocotte and they did a batch of offense in Old Basin City. Dwight gives him a lesson by diping his caput into the lavatory bowl. Dwight warns Jackie Boy non to trouble oneself Shellie once more or else he ‘ll acquire it from him. Dwight kills Jackie Boy and his pack and inquire why Shellie scared of him. Frank Miller is a manager and besides a comedian ‘s author for narrative books. This film ‘Sin City ‘ delivers batch of violent scene every bit good as the film ‘The Spirit ‘ . As we can see that Frank Miller love to happen those sexy hot ladies like Jessica Elba, Jaime King and another celebrated male histrion Bruce Willis. In the film ‘The Spirit ‘ show the same as Frank Miller take sexy hot ladies once more like Sand Saref, Lorerei Rox and Silken Floss. Those ladies actor are immature, sexy and really good in their playing. Jessica can dance sexily on the phase in the film of ‘Sin City ‘ but in the other side of her ; she can move so professionally in the film of ‘Fantastic 4 ‘ by salvaging people utilizing her ice power. Besides that, Bruce Willis is besides a celebrated male histrion in ‘Sin City ‘ . He willing to scarify and protect for an 11 old ages old miss. After old ages subsequently, the grown u p girl Nancy autumn for him as he plays a really good adult male by salvaging her in that film. The similarities of both films are Frank Miller utilizes the same manner of background colour for these two films. ‘Sin City ‘ contains merely a small colour for few of the peculiar objects and the others are all back and gray colour for the whole film. Lapp goes to the film ‘The Spirit ‘ , merely few scenes contain colour and the others are black and gray. As we can see, these two films use the same manner of background and the subject is somewhat same. Both films deliver violent actions about killing. The authorship of this film ‘Sin City ‘ is different signifier ‘The Spirit ‘ as ‘Sin City ‘ contain of several parts killing scene and is non connected to each other. The lighting of this film is really crisp. Although the film is full with black and gray somehow we can still see the characters and edifices clearly. This show they made a really good lighting work on the movie. Furthermore, the soundtrack of ‘Sin City ‘ that composed by Robert Rodriguez was antic. It matches the scene and motion in this movie. Every scene has own music background to do it interesting. As a decision, the subject of this film that deliver violent may convey harmful influence to the childs. Somehow I think that the manner of killing in this film is excessively unsmooth and may take the childs to larn. In add-on, the colour of this film is really dull particularly for childs and adolescents as we get attracted to films that are colourful. The mark audience that will watch this film may be in the scope of 40 to 50 old ages adult. I love Jessica Alba in ‘Sin City ‘ because of her amorousness and of class for her playing. She kisses Bruce Willis, a adult male that can be his male parent so emotionally in the film playing. This show how success is she to be a celebrated and gifted actress. Bruce Willis would be my favourite excessively ; he is a mature and steady adult male who can move really good in movie. What I enjoy the most in this film is when the xanthous asshole is being kills by Bruce Willis. Although is really disgustful, but it looks existent and I ‘ve ne'er seen this type of films before. Yellow blood dividing about, it truly show something different from what we ever watch. They show everything included coarse actions that most of the films sensor it.

The Effects of Wolf Predation

Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator – multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey – one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population increase. Many studies support the hypothesis that predation limits prey density. Bergerud et al. (1983) concluded from their study of the interrelations of wolves and moose in the Pukaskwa National Park that wolf predation limited, and may have caused a decline in, the moose population, and that if wolves were eliminated, the moose population would increase until limited by some other regulatory factor, such as food availability. However, they go on to point out that this upper limit will not be sustainable, but will eventually lead to resource depletion and population decline. Seip (1992) found that high wolf predation on caribou in the Quesnel Lake area resulted in a decline in the population, while low wolf predation in the Wells Gray Provincial Park resulted in a slowly increasing population. Wolf predation at the Quesnel Lake area remained high despite a fifty percent decline in the caribou population, indicating that mortality due to predation was not density-dependent within this range of population densities. Dale et al. (1994), in their study of wolves and caribou in Gates National Park and Preserve, showed that wolf predation can be an important limiting factor at low caribou population densities, and may have an anti-regulatory effect. They also state that wolf predation may affect the distribution and abundance of caribou populations. Bergerud and Ballard (1988), in their interpretation of the Nelchina caribou herd case history, said that during and immediately following a reduction in the wolf population, calf recruitment increased, which should result in a future caribou population increase. Gasaway et al. (1983) also indicated that wolf predation can sufficiently increase the rate of mortality in a prey population to preventthe population's increase. Even though there has been much support of this hypothesis, Boutin (1992) suggests that â€Å"there is little doubt that predation is a limiting factor, but in cases where its magnitude has been measured, it is no greater than other factors such as hunting.† A second hypothesis about the effects of wolf predation is the predation regulating hypothesis, which proposes that predation regulates prey densities around a low-density equilibrium. This hypothesis fits an equilibrium model, and assumes that following deviation, prey populations return to their pre-existing equilibrium levels. This predator regulating hypothesis proposes that predation is a density-dependent mechanism affecting low to intermediate prey densities, and a density-independent mechanism at high prey densities. Some research supports predation as a regulating mechanism. Messier (1985), in a study of moose near Quebec, Canada, draws the conclusion that wolf-ungulate systems, if regulated naturally, stabilize at low prey and low predator population densities. In Messier's (1994) later analysis, based on twenty-seven studies where moose were the dominant prey species of wolves, he determined that wolf predation can be density-dependent at the lower range of moose densities. This result demonstrates that predation is capable of regulating ungulate populations. Even so, according to Boutin (1992) more studies are necessary, particularly at high moose densities, to determine if predation is regulatory. A third proposal to model the effects of wolf predation on prey populations is the predator pit hypothesis. This hypothesis is a multiple equilibria model. It proposes that predation regulates prey densities around a low-density equilibrium. The prey population can then escape this regulation once prey densities pass a certain threshold. Once this takes place, the population reaches an upper equilibrium. At this upper equilibrium, the prey population densities are regulated by competition for (and or availability of) food. This predator pit hypothesis assumes that predator losses are density-dependent at low prey densities, but inversely density-dependent at high prey densities. Van Ballenberghe (1985) states that wolf population regulation is needed when a caribou herd population declines and becomes trapped in a predator pit, wherein predators are able to prevent caribou populations from increasing. The final model that attempts to describe the effects of predation on prey populations is the stable limit cycle hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that vulnerability of prey to predation depends on past environmental conditions. According to this theory, individuals of a prey population born under unfavorable conditions are more vulnerable to predation throughout their adult lives than those born under favorable conditions. This model would produce time lags between the proliferation of the predator and the prey populations, in effect generating recurring cycles. Boutin (1992) states that if this hypothesis is correct, the effects of food availability (or the lack of) should be more subtle than outright starvation. Relatively severe winters could have long- term effects by altering growth, production, and vulnerability. Thompson and Peterson (1988) reported that there are no documented cases of wolf predation imposing a long-term limit on ungulate populations independent of environmental influences. They also point out that summer moose calf mortality was high whether predators were present or not, and that snow conditions during the winter affected the vulnerability of calves to predation. Messier (1994) asserts that snow accumulation during consecutive winters does not create a cumulative impact on the nutritional status of deer and moose. All of the four proposed theories mentioned above could describe the interrelationships between the predation of wolves and their usual north american prey of large ungulate species. There has been ample evidence presented in the primary research literature to support any one of the four potential models. The predation limiting hypothesis seems to enjoy wide popular support, and seems to most accurately describe most of the trends observed in predator-prey populations. Most researchers seem to think that more specific studies need to be conducted to find an ideal model of the effects of predation. Bergerud and Ballard (1988) stated â€Å"A simple numbers argument regarding prey:predator ratios overlooks the complexities in multi-predator-prey systems that can involve surplus killing, additive predation between predators, enhancement and interference between predator species, switch over between prey species, and a three-fold variation in food consumption rates by wolves.† Dale et al. (1994) stated that further knowledge of the factors affecting prey switching, such as density-dependent changes in vulnerability within and between prey species, and further knowledge of wolf population response is needed to draw any firm conclusions. Boutin (1992) also proposed that the full impact of predation has seldom been measured because researchers have concentrated on measuring losses of prey to wolves only. Recently, bear predation on moose calves has been found to be substantial, but there are few studies which examine this phenomenon (Boutin 1992). Messier (1994) also pointed out that grizzly and black bears may be important predators of moose calves during the summer. Seip (1992), too, states that bear predation was a significant cause of adult caribou mortality. These points emphasize that multiple-predator and multiple-prey systems are probably at work in the natural environment, and we must not over generalize a one predator – one prey hypothesis in the attempt to interpret the overall trends of the effects of predation of wolves on large ungulate populations.